Oct 3, 2026
Summer 2026 in European capitals: warmth and rainfall
Compare summer 2026 temperature and rainfall at 15 European capital stations with their own 1991–2020 WMO normals.
Understanding our climate through data
Read original weather and climate analysis, follow practical data guides, and explore official observations with twelve interactive tools.
We use station observations to examine heat, rainfall and the differences hidden by an average.
From the station records
Catalonia & Mediterranean Spain · October 2026 Deluge
Spain October 2026 Flash Floods: EuroMeteo Gauges and OPERA Radar
Between October 3 and 5, 2026, an intense slow-moving cut-off low (DANA) triggered extreme convective deluges across northeastern Spain. Surface rain gauges recorded up to 161.9 mm in 24 hours at Arenys de Mar and 135.6 mm at Barcelona Airport—over 150% of the entire October climatological normal in a single day. OPERA radar composite rates reached 21.7 mm/h aloft during the climax squall line, confirming rapid convective intensification.
Read the Spain flash floods article
Explore weather and climate datasets
Choose a dataset to view station records or radar observations. Each guide explains the available measurements, dates and limits of the data.
EuroMeteo – European Data
MeteoGate / EUMETNET
Surface observations from European stations, distributed through MeteoGate and E-SOH. Follow recent weather across national networks.
OPERA – European Weather Radar
EUMETNET
Animate near-real-time pan-European radar frames to track precipitation, with maximum reflectivity (DBZH), rain rate, and accumulation products.
DWD – German Climate Data
Deutscher Wetterdienst OpenData
German station records from DWD OpenData, from 10-minute measurements to annual summaries. Available variables include temperature, precipitation and solar radiation.
Météo-France – French Data
Independent view of official open data
Météo-France station observations published through France's open-data portals, with coverage for rainfall, wind, temperature, and rapid precipitation changes.
JMA – Japanese Data
Japan Meteorological Agency
Daily, hourly and 10-minute records from the Japan Meteorological Agency. Available measurements differ between automated stations and observatories.
IMGW – Polish Data
Institute of Meteorology (IMGW-PIB)
Polish station observations from IMGW-PIB, including temperature, precipitation and snow records. Explore hourly and daily measurements where available.
WMO Climate Normals
Climatological Standard Normals
Station reference values across standard 30-year baseline periods (1961–1990, 1981–2010, 1991–2020) to put temperatures and rainfall into historical context.
WMO Climate – Observations
Global Monthly CLIMAT reports
Monthly station observations from CLIMAT reports in DWD's global archive. Compare the same month across years and check how complete each record is.
SSOD – Synoptic Summary of the Day
Independent view of NOAA/NCEI data
NOAA/NCEI SSODv2 daily summaries presented independently for UTC-aligned comparisons across more than 9,000 global station locations.
GHCNh – Hourly Observations
Independent view of NOAA/NCEI data
NOAA/NCEI GHCNh hourly station observations presented independently for extremes, diurnal cycles, and sub-daily analysis worldwide.
GHCNm – Monthly Summaries
Independent view of NOAA/NCEI data
NOAA/NCEI GHCNm monthly station records presented independently for long-term temperature, precipitation, and regional trend analysis worldwide.
HungaroMet – Hungarian Data
Hungarian Meteorological Service
Surface observations across Hungary: 10-minute to century climate series from over 340 stations, with interactive maps and CSV export.
Where the data comes from
The observations come from national meteorological services and international archives. Climate Explorer retrieves and presents them in maps, charts and tables. Each guide explains the measurements, reporting periods and processing used for its dataset.
A station record describes one place. Gaps in coverage, observation times and changes of instrument can all affect a comparison. Our articles explain these limits alongside the findings and link to the records behind them.
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More from the articles
Sep 21, 2026
Why long climate records need homogenization
How station moves and instrument changes affect long climate records, with original and homogenized Budapest temperatures and examples from Climate Explorer.
Sep 3, 2026
Poland's September 2024 Rainfall: What the National Average Hid
IMGW station data show how Poland's September 2024 national rainfall average concealed a sharp contrast between the southwest and northeast.
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